Republic of Korea has its own system of traditional medicine called “Korean Medicine” (KM) or also known as “Traditional Korean Medicine” (TKM). Korean medicine (KM) was gradually developed throughout the country’s history for over 500 years. KM experienced the harsh modernisation of the 19th century however has successfully maintained its social status as clinical profession. KM also established unique educational systems based on the distinctive cultural, social, and political situations of Korea.
The Joseon period government (now known as Republic of Korea/ South Korea) dispatched envoys to China to learn how to identify herbs and compare the efficacy of domestic and Chinese herbs. [1]
Publication of the Hyangyakjipseongbang (鄕藥集成方, Compendium of Formulas Using Korean Herbs) which contained 10, 706 prescriptions for 959 disease patterns using 703 korean domestic herbs. [1]
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A draft of the Classified Collection of Medical Formulas, the Euibang Youchui (醫方類聚), was compiled, in which almost all of the medical textbooks available in East Asia were collected and reorganised. [1]
After 30 years of reorganisation and revisions, 30 sets and 266 volumes of the Euibang Yoochui (醫方類聚, Classified Collection of Medical Formulas) was published, which is the most extensive database on East Asian medicine to date. There are currently no known artifacts of this book except for one set that was plundered during the war with Japan in 1592 and remains in Japan’s Kunaicho (宮內廳) library. [1]
The period where the project of DongUiBoGam is launched and it’s outline was drafted. The King Seonjo took interest in medicine as a mean to salvage his subjects from pain and suffering. So he summoned Heo Jun in the Byungshin Year (丙申年, 1596 A.D.), who was a Taeui (태의/太醫), a royal physician at the time, and ordered a compilation of medical text into a single encyclopaedia and categorise the medicinal ingredients so the people may access the knowledge easily. Upon hearing the King’s words, Heo Jun set up an organisation to start it’s draft. However, when its outline was almost set, the work came to a hiatus due to the uprising of Jeongyu Jaeran (정유재란/丁酉再亂), the second Japanese invasion in the year 1597, which resulting the dispersion of the physicians in all directions. [7]
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After the Jeongyu Jaeran (정유재란/丁酉再亂) or the second Japanese invasion, the publication of DongUiBoGam was left entirely to the hands of Heo Jun. However, before he could even finish drafting half of the text, the event of King Seonjo’s death results in his banishment. Afterwards, the late King gave orders for Heo Jun to continue in his work alone, and provided him with over 500 medical texts stored at the court to aid his research. But before he could even reach halfway into his work, the new King too, passed away. [7]
The completion stage during his exile which lasted two and a half years. In the Gyeonsul Year (경술년, 庚戌年, 1610 A.D.) the third year of King Gwanghaegun’s ascension to the throne, Heo Jun finally completed his work and presented it before the king, which totaled 25 volumes under the title DongUiBoGam. King Gwanghaegun, pleased with the report of its completion. [7]
The printing and publication period of DongUiBoGam. The presswork venue was changed from Naeuiwon (내의원/內醫院) to Hasam-do, the three provinces of Chungcheong-do, Jeolla-do, and Gyeongsang-do due to financial burdens, then re-shifted to Naeuiwon where it was finally published for distribution. [7]
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Joseon period government (now known as Republic of Korea/South Korea) published the Dongui Bogam (東醫寶鑑, Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine), which contributed to the medical development of the neighbouring countries of China and Japan. [1]
Republic of Korea was established (after the liberation from the Japanese in 1945, Korea established a modern independent state), discussions were initiated regarding how to deal with traditional medicine within the modern national healthcare system during the process of reforming the specifics of the constitution. [1]
Dongui Suse Bowon (東醫壽世保元, Longevity & Life Preservation In Eastern Medicine) written by Lee Jema was the most recognizable medical text published around this period. Lee Jema, who is known as the founder of Korean Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM), argued for medicine based on humans rather than diseases, using the keyword constitution as a focal point. His philosophy remains influential today. [1]
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Birth of Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM). Sasang constitutional medicine categorizes humans into four constitutions and discusses the relevant pathogenesis and treatment. This system is currently a major feature of Korean medicine. [1]
Korean Medicine (KM) suffered a period of decline during the Japanese occupation period (1905-1945) in Korea due to the Japanese emphasis on western medicine. [1]
The revival of Korean Medicine. The National Medical Services Law passed in 1951 was the beginning of the unique dual national medical license system of Korea which led to the modern Korean healthcare system, was initiated by the government-in-exile (Korean war between North Korea and South Korea broke out). [1]
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Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM) education systemhas been reorganized into a six-year curriculum comprising of a two-year premedical course and a four-year medical course. [8]
The Institute of Korean Medicine Education and Evaluation was established in 2004 to evaluate and certify the education of TKM schools nationwide. [8]
Biobank of Korea Constitutional Multicenter Bank (KCMB) based on Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM) was founded. The aim of the KCMB was a foundation to providing the scientific basis of SCM. The KCMB serve to verify and validate SCM theories and practices. It may also provide new insights into SCM mechanisms. [2]
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English version of the Dongui Bogam (東醫寶鑑, Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine) was completed after 6 years of translation in 2013, 400th anniversary of the classic’s first publication, as 9 volumes, including the index, references, main text, and pictures. The translation is favoured by researchers and professionals in the culture sectors related to the traditional medicine for its faithful and precise translation. [4]
The Institute of Korean Medicine Education and Evaluation which was established in 2004 to evaluate and certify the education of TKM schools nationwide, from now on since 2016, has been acting as a government-certified evaluation authority. [8]
The number of licensed TKM doctors increased by 9809 over the past ten years, from 14 818 in 2088 to 24 627 in 2017. TKM hospitals increased to 312, 14 155 TKM Clinics and 595 Herbal Medicines Pharmacies in Republic of Korea. [5]
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Throughout the long history of Korean Medicine (KM), KM has developed a deep understanding on the interactions between intra-body energy circulation and environmental consequences towards one body system. KM understands human physiology in terms of balance. KM practitioners or officially term as Doctors of Korean Medicine (DKM) understand that all kinds of disease and symptoms manifested are a sign of balance-disharmony between the human body and environment and the disbalance within one’s body itself. Treatment proposed by DKM then would vary corresponding to the level of imbalance detected based on manifested symptoms. [1]
Diagnosis method of Korean Medicine include visual inspection, listening, inquiry and palpation, which are sometimes aided by modern diagnostic tools. Palpation is a distinctive Korean medical diagnostic method in which the intensity, velocity and pattern of the pulse are categorized into dozens of patterns. The practitioner then will determine the what kind of Qi (氣) circulation inside the body, and how the Qi (氣) flow induce corresponding symptoms prior deciding the therapeutic principles and treatment methods that should be applied on patients.[1]
The Republic of Korea initiative on translating their legislation collectively could be retrieved and readable online by visiting online database of Korean Law Information Centre Website.
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The Republic of Korea has Korean Medicine formally integrated into the national health system and has well-established national statistics. Korea operates a dual system in which Conventional medicine and Korean Medicine services are provided separately within one national health system [5].
In February 1987, the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (currently known as Ministry of Health and Welfare since 1994) implemented a nationwide program that covers oriental medical care of Korean Medicine in National Health Insurance (NHI) after completion of a 2 year pilot project [17].
Insurance for Korean Medicine played a crucial role in helping to popularise it by increasing its use by the average person [1]. In 1994, Korean Medicine test devices such as Yangdorak (Ryodoraku) and pulse detector were covered. In 2009, three Korean Medicine physical therapies (hot pack, ice pack, infrared irradiation) were added for insurance coverage [16].
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Reference : Lim B, Cha W, Koh B, Kim Y, Lim B, Kim Y. Korean Medicine: Current Status and future prospects. Shinjin Commun. 2015.
In 2012, Korea Medicine represented 7.1% of total NHI claims and total expenses attributed to Korean Medicine is 1, 932 millions USD, representing 4.0% of total cost of NHI treatments [1]. In 2017, total expenses attributed to Korean Medicine increased to 2, 237 millions USD [5].
Figure 3 shows an illustration of Korean Medicine educational journey to be certified as legal Korean Medicine practitioner in Republic of Korea
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First phase of acquiring Doctors of Korean Medicine (DKM) requires a minimum 6 years of university study which is divided into two years of pre-medical courses and four years medical courses, including one year of bedside teaching. Modernised Korean Medicine universities have incorporated instructor-led clinical knowledge
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