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Garlic, Ginseng And Ginkgo Research On Eye Health And Dementia
By Young-Sook Kim Young-Sook Kim Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar , Jung-Yoon Woo Jung-Yoon Woo Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar , Chang-Kyun Han Chang-Kyun Han Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar and Il-Moo Chang Il-Moo Chang Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar *
Background: Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is one of the most frequently used herbs in the world. The roots of Panax ginseng have been used as a traditional tonic and medicine for thousands of years in Korea and China. Today, ginseng root is used as a dietary supplement and complementary medicine and for adjuvant therapeutics worldwide. The efficacy of ginseng has been studied in a wide range of basic research and clinical studies. However, it has been reported that the results from clinical studies are conflicting, and they depend on the parameters of the protocol design including the conditions of the participants and the types of ginseng used such as red ginseng, white ginseng, fermented ginseng and cultured ginseng. Meanwhile, in addition to clinical efficacy, the safety of ginseng is a highly important matter for customers. With globally increasing demand for Panax ginseng as a dietary supplement or complementary medicine, it is necessary to provide information on its safe use to customers to improve their health conditions. Although the safety of Panax ginseng in pre-clinical studies is well known, the evaluation of safety in clinical studies has so far been insufficient. This systematic review was conducted to assess the safety of ginseng in randomized controlled clinical trials (RCT) over the last 10 years. We chose the last 10 years because many clinical trials have been conducted in the past 10 years, and it will help to understand the recent trends in RCTs of ginseng.
Methods: Articles on ginseng studies were searched with keywords in MEDLINE and four other Korean online database sites. Studies with ginseng as a monopreparation were selected while studies with single administration, preparations combined with other herbs or drug combinations were excluded from the selected studies. Data from the selected studies meeting the criteria were extracted and reviewed in terms of study design, condition and number of participants, type of ginseng, dosage, duration, main results, adverse events and adverse reactions.
Pdf) Ginseng For Health Care: A Systematic Review Of Randomized Controlled Trials In Korean Literature
Results: Forty-four studies met the selection criteria. These studies covered the efficacy of ginseng in areas such as cardiovascular function, glucose metabolism, sexual function, anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue and psychomotor function. Twenty-nine studies showed positive results while fifteen studies showed no effect. Sixteen studies reported adverse events while five studies had no adverse events. Twenty-three studies did not mention any adverse events. The main adverse events of ginseng reported were general symptoms such as hot flushes, insomnia and dyspepsia with no significant difference in frequency and symptoms between the ginseng and placebo groups. The symptoms were mild and temporary with no serious or severe adverse events.
Conclusion: Panax ginseng showed a very safe profile in a limited number of RCTs with a small number of participants with various conditions ranging from healthy participants to patients with symptoms. However, to increase the usefulness and lower the health risk of Panax ginseng to customers, clinical trials on a larger scale and with a higher standard are necessary to define its efficacy and safety as a dietary supplement or complementary medicine.
Panax ginseng has been used not only as a medicine but also as a restorative and prophylactic remedy for thousands of years in Asia. Ginseng is classified as fresh ginseng (raw ginseng), white ginseng (dried after peeling) and red ginseng (steamed and dried) depending on how it is processed. Ginsenosides are the most studied active components in ginseng. About 40 types of ginsenosides are contained in ginseng along with non-saponin compounds like acidic polysaccharides and polyacetylenes [1, 2, 3]. Much basic research on the range of efficacies of ginseng, including its immune-enhancing, anti-fatigue, and anti-cancer functions and improvements to cardiovascular function, is ongoing, along with numerous studies on its mechanisms [4].
Ginseng Benefits, Side Effects, Uses And Interactions
Currently, the demand for ginseng as a functional food has been increasing not only in Asian countries like Korea, China and Japan but also in Western countries. Despite this trend, RCTs evaluating the efficacy of ginseng as a functional food and as an evidence-based complementary medicine are still very limited. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ginseng along with the increased consumption of ginseng as a functional food, adjuvant or complementary medicine. A number of clinical studies on the efficacy and safety of ginseng in randomized controlled clinical trials have been reported [5, 6]. The object of this systematic review is to summarize the randomized clinical studies of the past 10 years, focusing on the safety of ginseng to promote its usefulness as a functional food or complementary medicine.
A systematic literature search was conducted on MEDLINE, Korean Studies Information Services System (KISS), NuriMedia database (DBPIA), Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) and the literature search system of the authors’ own institute. Keywords used in the searches were “Panax ginseng” or “clinical” or “randomized” or “controlled” or “human study”. The search period ranged from January 2005 to November 2014. Further publications until December 2014 were also searched. Two independent reviewers (JW and YK) assessed all titles and abstracts with a pre-defined inclusion criteria using the following united keywords: Panax ginseng, ginseng, controlled, trial.
Studies were selected in accordance with the following criteria: (1) randomized controlled clinical trial; (2) Panax ginseng as a monopreparation as the intervention; (3) subjects with no other medication or supplement intake; (4) single administration excluded; (5) studies using other parts of ginseng besides the root excluded; (6) administration routes other than oral intake such as intravenous or dermal application excluded; and (7) articles in languages other than English or Korean excluded.
Pdf) Ginseng As A Treatment For Fatigue: A Systematic Review
The data were extracted from the articles according to the predefined criteria: study design, condition and number of participants, type of ginseng, dosage, duration, main results and adverse events.
Out of 595 articles that were initially chosen from MEDLINE and four other Korean DB sites using the keywords, 45 articles met all the criteria (Figure 1). To put more emphasis on safety rather than efficacy, studies that used ginseng with other herbal medicines or took other drugs together were excluded from the review because ginseng and other herbal medicines or drugs could cause interactions resulting in adverse events. The 45 articles meeting the criteria of this study are summarized in Table 1.
Because two of the 45 articles were from the same clinical trial study [7, 8], 44 studies met all the criteria for the time period from 2005 to 2014. One study was single-blind [9], and the rest were double-blind studies. There were 7 studies with crossover design while the rest were parallel design studies. The areas of study for the included studies were as follow: sexual function (6 studies), glucose metabolism (5 studies), cardiovascular function (4 studies), psychomotor function (3 studies), fatigue (4 studies), antioxidant function (3 studies), obesity (3 studies), sleep (3 studies), menopausal symptoms (2 studies), cancer (1 study), respiratory system (1 study), hearing (1 study), fibromyalgia (1 study), safety and tolerability (1 study), dry mouth (1 study), somatic symptoms (1 studies), androgenic alopecia (1 study), general symptoms (1 study), gynecological complains (1 study), and depression (1 study).
The Effects Of Ginseng On The Metabolic Syndrome: An Updated Review
In total, 3092 participants were involved in the 44 selected studies. The median number of participants was 53 (range: 15–643). Participants were aged between 18 and 79 years. Among the 22 studies conducted on healthy subjects, 9 studies involved only male subjects, 2 studies involved only female subjects, and 11 studies included both genders. There were 6 studies on menopausal females, 5 studies on obesity, diabetes or metabolic disorders, 4 studies on erectile dysfunction, and one study each on chronic gastritis, chronic fatigue, female sexual dysfunction, chronic rhinitis, fibromyalgia, dry mouth, and alopecia, respectively. There was one study on healthy Koreans and Chinese for general symptoms and adverse events.
Out of 29 recent studies on Korean red ginseng, 23 studies used the powder type, 5 used the extract type and 1 used
Currently, the demand for ginseng as a functional food has been increasing not only in Asian countries like Korea, China and Japan but also in Western countries. Despite this trend, RCTs evaluating the efficacy of ginseng as a functional food and as an evidence-based complementary medicine are still very limited. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ginseng along with the increased consumption of ginseng as a functional food, adjuvant or complementary medicine. A number of clinical studies on the efficacy and safety of ginseng in randomized controlled clinical trials have been reported [5, 6]. The object of this systematic review is to summarize the randomized clinical studies of the past 10 years, focusing on the safety of ginseng to promote its usefulness as a functional food or complementary medicine.
A systematic literature search was conducted on MEDLINE, Korean Studies Information Services System (KISS), NuriMedia database (DBPIA), Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) and the literature search system of the authors’ own institute. Keywords used in the searches were “Panax ginseng” or “clinical” or “randomized” or “controlled” or “human study”. The search period ranged from January 2005 to November 2014. Further publications until December 2014 were also searched. Two independent reviewers (JW and YK) assessed all titles and abstracts with a pre-defined inclusion criteria using the following united keywords: Panax ginseng, ginseng, controlled, trial.
Studies were selected in accordance with the following criteria: (1) randomized controlled clinical trial; (2) Panax ginseng as a monopreparation as the intervention; (3) subjects with no other medication or supplement intake; (4) single administration excluded; (5) studies using other parts of ginseng besides the root excluded; (6) administration routes other than oral intake such as intravenous or dermal application excluded; and (7) articles in languages other than English or Korean excluded.
Pdf) Ginseng As A Treatment For Fatigue: A Systematic Review
The data were extracted from the articles according to the predefined criteria: study design, condition and number of participants, type of ginseng, dosage, duration, main results and adverse events.
Out of 595 articles that were initially chosen from MEDLINE and four other Korean DB sites using the keywords, 45 articles met all the criteria (Figure 1). To put more emphasis on safety rather than efficacy, studies that used ginseng with other herbal medicines or took other drugs together were excluded from the review because ginseng and other herbal medicines or drugs could cause interactions resulting in adverse events. The 45 articles meeting the criteria of this study are summarized in Table 1.
Because two of the 45 articles were from the same clinical trial study [7, 8], 44 studies met all the criteria for the time period from 2005 to 2014. One study was single-blind [9], and the rest were double-blind studies. There were 7 studies with crossover design while the rest were parallel design studies. The areas of study for the included studies were as follow: sexual function (6 studies), glucose metabolism (5 studies), cardiovascular function (4 studies), psychomotor function (3 studies), fatigue (4 studies), antioxidant function (3 studies), obesity (3 studies), sleep (3 studies), menopausal symptoms (2 studies), cancer (1 study), respiratory system (1 study), hearing (1 study), fibromyalgia (1 study), safety and tolerability (1 study), dry mouth (1 study), somatic symptoms (1 studies), androgenic alopecia (1 study), general symptoms (1 study), gynecological complains (1 study), and depression (1 study).
The Effects Of Ginseng On The Metabolic Syndrome: An Updated Review
In total, 3092 participants were involved in the 44 selected studies. The median number of participants was 53 (range: 15–643). Participants were aged between 18 and 79 years. Among the 22 studies conducted on healthy subjects, 9 studies involved only male subjects, 2 studies involved only female subjects, and 11 studies included both genders. There were 6 studies on menopausal females, 5 studies on obesity, diabetes or metabolic disorders, 4 studies on erectile dysfunction, and one study each on chronic gastritis, chronic fatigue, female sexual dysfunction, chronic rhinitis, fibromyalgia, dry mouth, and alopecia, respectively. There was one study on healthy Koreans and Chinese for general symptoms and adverse events.
Out of 29 recent studies on Korean red ginseng, 23 studies used the powder type, 5 used the extract type and 1 used
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