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Korean mixed script (Korean: 국한문혼용 ; Hanja: 國漢文混用 ) is a form of writing the Korean language that uses a mixture of the Korean alphabet or Hangul (한글) and Hanja (
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한자), the Korean name for Chinese characters. The distribution on how to write words usually follows that all native Korean words, including suffixes, particles, and honorific markers are gerally writt in hangul and never in hanja. Sino-Korean vocabulary or hanja-eo (한자어 ; 漢字語 ), either words borrowed from Chinese or created from Sino-Korean roots, were gerally always writt in hanja, although very rare or complex characters were oft substituted with hangul. Although the Korean alphabet was introduced and taught to people beginning in 1446, most literature until the early twtieth ctury was writt in literary Chinese known as hanmun (한문 ; 漢文 ).
Although examples of mixed-script writing are as old as hangul itself, the mixing of hangul and hanja together in stces became the official writing system of the Korean language at the d of the nineteth ctury, wh reforms ded the primacy of literary Chinese in literature, scice, and governmt. This style of writing, in competition with hangul-only writing, continued as the formal writt version of Korean for most of the twtieth ctury. The script slowly gave way to hangul-only usage in North Korea by 1949,
While it continues in South Korea to a limited extt. However, with the decrease in hanja education, the number of hanja in use has slowly dwindled, and in the twty-first ctury, very few hanja are used at all.
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In Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in China, the local newspaper Northeast Korean People's Daily published the workers and peasants version which used all-hangul in text, in addition to the existing cadre version that had mixed script, for the convice of grassroots Korean people. Starting April 20, 1952, the newspaper abolished the cadre version and published in hangul only, soon the tire publishing industry adopted the hangul-only style.
The developmt of hanja-honyong required two major developmts in orthographic traditions of the Korean Pinsula. The first was the adoption of hanja, around the beginning of the Three Kingdom period of Korea. The second was the introduction of hangul in 1446.
Example of hangul writt in the traditional vertical manner. On the left are the hunminjeong-eum and on the right are modern hangul.
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Despite the advt of vernacular writing in Korean using hanja, these publications remained the dominion of the literate class, comprising royalty and nobility, Buddhist monks, Confucian scholars, civil servants and members of the upper classes as the ability to read these texts required proficit ability to understand the meaning of the Chinese characters, with both their adopted Sino-Korean pronunciation and their native gloss. To rectify this, King Sejong the Great (조선 세종대왕 ; 朝鮮 世宗大王 ) summoned a team of scholars to devise a new script for the Korean language, leading to the 1446 promulgation of the hunminjeong-eum (훈민정음 ; 訓民正音 ), 'correct pronunciation for teaching the people.' The problems surrounding literacy in literary Chinese to the common populace was summarized in the oping of Sejong's proclamation, writt in literary Chinese:
國之語音，異乎中國，與文字不相流通，故愚民有所欲言，而終不得伸其情者多矣。予爲此憫然，新制二十八字，欲使人人易習，便於日用耳 Because the speech of this country is differt from that of China, it [the spok language] does not match the [Chinese] letters. Therefore, ev if the ignorant want to communicate, many of them in the d cannot state their concerns. Sadded by this, I have [had] 28 letters newly made. It is my wish that all the people may easily learn these letters and that [they] be convit for daily use.
The script is now the primary and most commonplace method to write the Korean language, and is known as hangul (한글) ) in South Korea, from han (한 ) but homophonous with Sino-Korean han ((한 ; 韓 ), 'Korean, ' and the native word gul (글 ), 'script.' In North Korea, the script is known as joseongul (조선글 ; 朝鮮글 ) from Joseon, an old name of Korea. The promulgation of the indigous script is celebrated as a national holiday on 9 October in the south and 15 January in the north, respectively.
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The new script rapidly spread to the segmts of the population traditionally died access to education such as farmers, fisherm, wom of the lower classes, rural merchants and young childr. Several attempts to ban or over-turn the use of hangul were initiated but failed to halt its spread. These attempts were initiated by several rulers, who discovered disparaging remarks about their reigns, and the upper classes, whose grip on power and influce was predicated upon their ability to read, write and interpret classical Chinese texts and commtaries thereof. The scholarly élite mocked the sole use of hangul pseudo-defertially as jinseo 진서 ; 真書 ), 'real script.' Other insults such as 'wom's script, ' 'childr's script' and 'farmer's hand' are known anecdotally but are not found in the literature.
A South Korean road sign which indicates 'no thoroughfare' or 'do not ter' in hangul. As a Sino-Korean phrase, it would have historically be writt in hanja as '通行禁止 .'
Despite the fears of the upper classes and scholarly élite, the introduction of the early hangul actually increased proficicy in literary Chinese. New-style hanja dictionaries appeared, arranging words according to their alphabetic order wh spelled out in hangul, and showing compound words containing the hanja as well as its Sino-Korean and its native, sometimes archaic, pronunciation — a system still in use for many contemporary Korean-language hanja dictionaries. The syllable blocks could be writt easily betwe meaningful units of Chinese characters, as annotations, but also began to replace the complex notation of the early gugyeol and idu, including hyangchal, although gugyeol and idu were not officially abolished until the d of the 19th ctury in part because literary Chinese was still the official writt language of the royal court, nobility, governance and diplomacy until its usage was finally abolished in the early twtieth ctury and its local production mostly ceased by mid-ctury.
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The real spread of hangul to all elemts of Korean society was the late eighteth ctury beginning of two literary trds. The ancit sijo (시조 ; 時調 ), 'seasonal tune, ' poetry. Although sijo, heavily influced by Chinese Tang dynasty poetry, was long writt in Chinese, authors began writing poems in Korean writt solely with hangul. At the same time, gasa (가사 ; 歌詞 ), 'song lyric, ' poetry was similarly spread. Korean wom of the upper classes created gasa by translating or finding inspiration in the old poems, writt in literary Chinese, and translating them into Korean, but as the name suggests, were popularly sung.
Although Catholic and Protestant missionaries initially attempted to evangelise the Korean Pinsula starting with the nobility using Chinese translations and works, in the early nineteth ctury, Bishop Siméon-François Berneux, or Jang Gyeong-il (장경일 ; 張敬一 ) mandated that all publications be writt only in hangul and all studts in the missionary schools were required to use it. Protestant and other Catholic missionaries followed suit, facilitating the spread of Christianity in Korea, but also created a large corpus of Korean-language material writt in hangul only.
The lyrics to the National anthem of the Korean Empire in Korean mixed script. The smaller hangul after each hanja group would normally be unwritt, but are prested to indicate the pronunciation of the Sino-Korean elemts.
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The practice of mixing hangul into hanja began as early as the introduction of hangul. Ev King Sejong's promulgation proclamation was writt in literary Chinese and idu passages to explain the alphabet and mixed passages that help 'ease' the reader into the use of the alphabet. The first novel writt in hangul, Yongbieocheonga (용비어천가 ; 龍飛御天歌 ), Songs of the Dragons Flying to Heav, is actually mostly writt in what would now be considered mixed-script writing. Another major literary work touted as a masterpiece of hangul-based literature, the 1590 translation of The Analects of Confucius (논어 ; 論語 ) by Yi Yulgok (이율곡 ; 李栗谷 ) is also writt tirely in hanja-honyong.
Many Koreans today attribute hanja-honyong to the Japanese occupation of Korea. This is in part due to the visual similarity of Chinese characters interspersed with alphabetic text of Japanese-language texts to Korean-language texts in mixed script, and the numerous assimilation and suppression schemes of the occupational governmt carried out against the Korean people, language and culture. In fact, hanja-honyong was commonplace amongst the royalty, yangban (양반 ; 兩班 ) and jung-in classes for personal records and informal letters shortly after the introduction of the alphabet, and replaced the routine use of idu by the jung-in. The heyday of hanja-honyong arrived with the Gap-o reforms (갑오 ; 甲午
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