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K2 Black Panther (Korean: K-2 흑표 ; Hanja: K-2 黑豹 ; RR: K-2 Heukpyo) is a South Korean main battle tank, designed by the Agcy for Defse Developmt and manufactured by Hyundai Rotem. The tank's design began in the 1990s to meet the strategic requiremts of the Republic of Korea Army's reform for three-dimsional, high-speed maneuver warfare
South Korea has be accumulating tank developmt and production technology to increase its self-reliance in producing arms. In 1976, South Korea upgraded its M48 Patton tanks. In 1987, the K1 88-Tank, designed by Geral Dynamics Land Systems (GDLS), was commissioned for service. South Korea participated in its developmt, and gained tank developmt capability. The K1 was a derivative of M1 Abrams, designed by Americans and produced in South Korea, and its associated legal agreemts limited South Korea's rights for export, logistics, and future hancemts.
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In the early 1990s, Korean gineers suggested producing a new domestically designed tank using the latest available technology, but the military refused due to cost overruns. Instead, South Korea chose to upgrade the K1, and received a technical data upgrade package from GDLS. However, it was limiting its involvemt to increase its domestic capability and experice while taking the responsibility for failure. South Korea advanced in turret designs, fire-controlling systems, sights, and composite armors during this process. The operational prototype of the new variant K1A1 was later displayed in 1996, but the 1997 Asian financial crisis delayed its mass production. South Korea worked on further localization during the delay and managed to develop its own designs or produce most parts of the K1A1 under licse.
While the K1A1 developmt was ongoing, South Korea began to plan a new domestic main battle tank as its tank design and manufacturing capability matured. There were three main reasons for the developmt of the new tank:
Firstly, despite the increase in localization, K1A1 was still an American design that falls under the United States' export control to protect intellectual rights, which creates a burd wh exporting.
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Secondly, the M48A3K and the M48A5K operated by the South Korean military were older designs and needed to be replaced with newer, better designs.
Wh developers asked the Army what kind of performance the Army wanted to see with the new tank, the Army replied that network warfare capability for command and control is the top priority, not firepower, defse, or mobility. This new capability would need to be built into the new tank.
Criticism was made on the new tank developmts: It seemed to many to be too early to adopt a new model, and there were also doubts because it would be the first tank ever designed domestically. However, conssus of the defse sector (the politicians, the military, and developers) viewed the K1 tanks as a humiliation, because the tank itself was a proof that South Korea lacked in tank developing technology. It was a matter of national pride to have the ability to design and build a leading main battle tank.
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Developers claimed that during times of war, military logistics and support of armamts could stop wh geopolitics came into play, as witnessed in the Middle East and Eastern Europe. There were also criticisms of many European nations as lacking investmt in domestic warfare technology, and relying too much on weapons from partnerships. Historically, South Korea always maintained a policy of self-reliance on weapons, and so the new tank program was authorized.
From July 1995 to December 1997, system concept research was conducted including analysis of required operational capability (ROC), function, performance, operations, logistics, and the technology required. The first step was to develop a modeling and simulation system for theoretical study and analysis. South Korean developers invited experts from around the world, including Sv Berge (Stridsvagn 103), Philip Lett (M1 Abrams), Israel Tal (Merkava), Hayashi Iwao (Type 90), and Richard Ogorkiewicz for a 40-hour seminar to help guide the concepts of the new tank developmt. Per prior agreemt, all the prestations were recorded, and used for guiding system developmt of the new tank. Th sev researchers of the Agcy for Defse Developmt (ADD), who were responsible for designing the tank, were st to the United Kingdom for a year of tank developmt education.
From November 1998 to December 2002, private companies joined the ADD during exploratory research, and developed core technologies and systems including the tank gun, the electric gun and turret drive system (EGTDS), and the gun autoloader. Other key systems and tests included automatic target detection & tracking, and cognitive idtification ability of the combat control system along with its simulator, the semi-active in-arm suspsion unit to dramatically increase mobility performance, and the proximity fuse (within 7 meters) for multi-purpose HEAT munition (to shoot down helicopters).
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In 2002, Hilmi Özkök, the commander of Turkish Land Forces, visited the research cter and witnessed the simulator capabilities and an actual model of the combat control system. Afterward, Turkey continuously st its dignitaries to closely monitor progress, and it evtually led to cooperation in developing Turkey's Altay.
From January 2003 to 2007, a number of test vehicles were built: two test vehicles, the MTR (Mobility Test Rig) and FTR (Firepower Test Rig), and three PV (Pilot Vehicles) were built to demonstrate technology and performance. MTR and FTR conducted mobility, fire control, combat control, and low temperature operating life tests, while PV1, PV2, and PV3 conducted tests on durance, developer, operator, and integrated logistics support.
And the developmt was officially completed after being declared fit for combat by the Defse Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) in September 2008. The XK2 developmt project, which began in 1995 and ded in 2008, cost a total of 452.6 billion won spread over 14 years.
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And later it changed to a modification and developmt project to completely improve the modular armor for export variants organized by the Defse Agcy for Technology and Quality (DTaQ) in 2021.
And the Korean Commander's Panoramic Sight (KCPS) and Korean Gunner's Primary Sight (KGPS) with improved resolution and daytime automatic target tracking function.
The main gun and its munitions were developed simultaneously. In the early to mid 1990s, South Korea learned internal ballistics, external ballistics, and terminal ballistics for tank guns while licse producing the KM256 tank gun; they invted self-sharping tungst petrator for 120 mm APFSDS munitions during the K1A1 program. Using acquired technology, gineers decided to increase firepower with longer gun barrels and hanced propellants that were NATO compatible.
Koreanischer K2 Schwarzer Panther Panzer 3d Modell
Compared to the 5.3 m long 44 caliber KM256, the new gun was 6.6 m in lgth and st out projectiles at 12-13 MJ, which was a huge increase from 8-9 MJ. Since the projectile travels at hypersonic speed or at a muzzle velocity of 1, 760 m/s (with K279), it was critical to develop heat resistance material and stabilization of the projectile.
Early designs included an unmanned turret variant, which was scrapped in favor of a manned turret during initial exploratory developmt. Another plan was to equip Rheinmetall's experimtal NPzK-140 140 mm smoothbore gun, but this plan was also scrapped due to issues regarding incomplete combustion of 140 mm munitions.
South Korea originally planned to receive technology transfer of chrome plating on tank guns from Switzerland, only a handful of nations having such technology. However, the plan was changed to domestic developmt after hearing the refusal from Swiss firm. gineers first tried chrome plating on the KM256 tank gun used by K1A1, th coincidtally found a classified method while reworking on defect-plated guns.
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The Black Panther is armed with a chrome plated CN08 120 mm 55 caliber smoothbore gun developed by the ADD and WIA (now Hyundai WIA), and is capable of hitting a 30 cm (12 in) size object at range greater than 1 km (0.62 mi).
This is complemted by a home-grown bustle-type autoloader, similar to the Leclerc, which allows the tank to fire up to 10 rounds per minute.
The laser barcode idtifier of the autoloader recognizes the classification of pre-barcoded ammunition and selects a type of munition for loading based on mission need. The ammunition is loaded in a 16-shell magazine for ready-to-use, and 24 rounds at frontal hull, carrying a total of 40 rounds for its main armamt.
K2no Black Panther
The K2's primary anti-tank munitions, developed by the ADD and Poongsan Corporation, are the K279 APFSDS-T, designed with self-sharping technology for armored targets, and the K280 HEAT-MP-T, a multipurpose chemical ergy round with a proximity fuse that explodes within 7 meters from the target, for all types of targets including low-flying helicopters.
Secondary weapons include a 12.7 mm K6 Heavy Machine Gun and a 7.62 mm M60E2-1 coaxial machine gun. The trigger pull of the coaxial machine gun lighted from 4 kg (8.8 lb) to 3 kg (6.6 lb) for convice.
The Korean Smart Top-Attack Munition (KSTAM) is a fire-and-forget, top-attack anti-tank munition with an effective operating range of 2–8 km (1.2–5.0 mi), developed specifically for use with the K2. It is launched as a kinetic ergy projectile, fired from the main gun in a high trajectory profile comparable to that of a mortar. Upon reaching its designated target area, a parachute deploys, giving on-board
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