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Hanja (Korean: 한자 ; Hanja: 漢字 , Korean pronunciation: [ha(ː)ntɕ͈a]), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters (Chinese: 漢字; pinyin: hànzì ) used in the writing of Korean.
Hanja-eo (한자어 , 漢字語) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, which can be writt with Hanja, and hanmun (한문 , 漢文) refers to Classical Chinese writing, although Hanja is also sometimes used to compass both concepts. Because Hanja characters have never undergone any major reforms, they more closely resemble traditional Japanese (구자체 , 舊字體) and traditional Chinese characters, although the stroke orders for certain characters are slightly differt. Such examples are the characters 教 and 敎, as well as 研 and 硏.
Air Writing' And Second Language Learners' Knowledge Of Japanese Kanji
Only a small number of Hanja characters were modified or are unique to Korean, with the rest being idtical to the traditional Chinese characters. By contrast, many of the Chinese characters currtly in use in mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore have be simplified, and contain fewer strokes than the corresponding Hanja characters.
Although a phonetic Hangul (also known as Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea) had be promulgated by Sejong the Great in 1446 through the Hunminjeongeum, it did not come into widespread official use until the late 19th and early 20th ctury.
Thus, until that time it was necessary to be flut in reading and writing Hanja to be literate in Korean, as Korean documts, history, literature and records throughout its history until the contemporary period were writt primarily in Literary Chinese using Hanja as its primary script. Therefore, a good working knowledge of Chinese characters is still important for anyone who wishes to interpret and study older texts from Korea, or anyone who wishes to read scholarly texts in the humanities. A high proficicy in Hanja is also useful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words as well as to large one's Korean vocabulary.
The Han In “hanguk”
Hanja were once used to write native Korean words, in a variety of systems collectively known as idu, but by the 20th ctury Koreans used hanja only for writing Sino-Korean words, while writing native vocabulary and loanwords from other languages in Hangul. By the 21st ctury, ev Sino-Korean words are usually writt in the Hangul alphabet, with the corresponding Chinese character sometimes writt next to it to prevt confusion if there are other characters or words with the same Hangul spelling. According to the Standard Korean Language Dictionary published by the National Institute of Korean Language (NIKL), approximately half (50%) of Korean words are Sino-Korean, mostly in academic fields (scice, governmt, and society).
The calligraphy of Korean scholar, poet and painter Gim Jeonghui (김정희 ; 金正喜 ) of the early nineteth ctury. Like most educated Koreans from the Three Kingdom period until the fall of the Joseon dynasty in 1910, Gim Jeong-hui composed most of his works in hanmun or literary Chinese.
There is no traditionally accepted date for wh literary Chinese (한문 ; 漢文 ; hanmun) writt in Chinese characters (한자 ; 漢字 ; hanja) tered Korea. Early Chinese dynastic histories, the only sources for very early Korea, do not mtion a Korean writing system. During the 3rd ctury BC, Chinese migrations into the pinsula occurred due to war in northern China and the earliest archaeological evidce of Chinese writing appearing in Korea is dated to this period. A large number of inscribed knife money from pre-Lelang sites along the Yalu River have be found. A sword dated to 222 BC with Chinese graving was unearthed in Pyongyang.
How Many Strokes Are There In Korean Kanji?
From 108 BC to 313 AD, the Han dynasty established the Four Commanderies of Han in northern Korea and institutionalized the Chinese language.
It also says that the king of Goguryeo composed a poem in 17 BC. The Gwanggaeto Stele, dated to 414, is the earliest securely dated relic bearing hanmun inscriptions. Hanmun became commonplace in Goguryeo during the 5th and 6th cturies and according to the Book of Zhou, the Chinese classics were available in Goguryeo by the d of the 6th ctury. The Samguk Sagi mtions writt records in Baekje beginning in 375 and Goguryeo annals prior to 600.
Japanese chronicles mtion Baekje people as teachers of hanmun . According to the Book of Liang, the people of Silla did not have writing in the first half of the 6th ctury but this may have be only referring to agreemts and contracts, represted by notches on wood. The Bei Shi, covering the period 386–618, says that the writing, armour, and weapons in Silla were the same as those in China. The Samguk Sagi says that records were kept in Silla starting in 545.
Korean Mixed Script
Another major factor in the adoption of hanmun was the adoption of the gwageo, copied from the Chinese imperial examination, op to all freeborn m. Special schools were set up for the well-to-do and the nobility across Korea to train new scholar officials for civil service. Adopted by Silla and Goryeo, the gwageo system was maintained by Goryeo after the unification of Korea until the d of the nineteth ctury. The scholarly élite began learning the hanja by memorising the Thousand Character Classic (천자문 ; 千字文 ; Cheonjamun), Three Character Classic (삼자경 ; 三字經 ; Samja Gyeong) and Hundred Family Surnames (백가성 ; 百家姓 ; Baekga Seong). Passage of the gwageo required the thorough ability to read, interpret and compose passages of works such as the Analects (논어 ; 論語 ; Non-eo), Great Learning (대학 ; 大學 ; Daehak), Doctrine of the Mean (중용 ; 中庸 ; Jung-yong), Mcius (맹자 ; 孟子 ; Magja), Classic of Poetry (시경 ; 詩經 ; Sigyeong), Book of Documts (서경 ; 書經 ; Seogyeong), Classic of Changes (역경 ; 易經 ; Yeokgyeong), Spring and Autumn Annals (춘추 ; 春秋 ; Chunchu) and Book of Rites (예기 ; 禮記 ; Yegi). Other important works include Sūnzǐ's Art of War (손자병법 ; 孫子兵法 ; Sonja Byeongbeop) and Selections of Refined Literature (문선 ; 文選 ; Munseon).
The Korean scholars were very proficit in literary Chinese. The craftsm and scholars of Baekje were rowned in Japan, and were eagerly sought as teachers due to their proficicy in hanmun . Korean scholars also composed all diplomatic records, governmt records, scitific writings, religious literature and much poetry in hanmun , demonstrating that the Korean scholars were not just reading Chinese works but were actively composing their own. Well-known examples of Chinese-language literature in Korea include Three Kingdoms History (삼국사기 ; 三國史記 ; Samguk Sagi), Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms (삼국유사 ; 三國遺事 ; Samguk Yusa), New Stories of the Gold Turtle (금오신화 ; 金鰲新話 ; Geumo Sinhwa), The Cloud Dream of the Nine (구운몽 ; 九雲夢 ; Gu Unmong), Musical Canon (악학궤범 ; 樂學軌範 ; Akhak Gwebeom), The Story of Hong Gildong (홍길동전 ; 洪吉童傳 ; Hong Gildong Jeon) and Licking One's Lips at the Butcher's Door (도문대작 ; 屠門大嚼 ; Domun Daejak).
The Chinese language, however, was quite differt from the Korean language, consisting of terse, oft monosyllabic words with a strictly analytic, SVO structure in stark contrast to the gerally polysyllabic, very synthetic, SOV structure, with various grammatical dings that coded person, levels of politess and case found in Korean. Despite the adoption of literary Chinese as the writt language, Chinese never replaced Korean as the spok language, ev amongst the scholars that had immersed themselves into its study.
A Chart Of Similarities Between Japanese/korean/chinese/vietnamese
The first attempts to make literary Chinese texts more accessible to Korean readers were hanmun passages writt in Korean word order. This would later develop into the gugyeol (구결 ; 口訣 ) or 'separated phrases, ' system. Chinese texts were brok into meaningful blocks, and in the spaces were inserted hanja used to represt the sound of native Korean grammatical dings. As literary Chinese was very terse, leaving much to be understood from context, insertion of occasional verbs and grammatical markers helped to clarify the meaning. For instance, the hanja '爲 ' was used for its native Korean gloss whereas '尼 ' was used for its Sino-Korean pronunciation, and combined into '爲尼 ' and read hani (하니 ), 'to do (and so).'
In Chinese, however, the same characters are read in Mandarin as the expression wéi ní, meaning 'becoming a nun'. This is a typical example of Gugyeol words where the radical (爲) is read in Korean for its meaning (hă—'to do'), whereas the suffix 尼, ni (meaning 'nun'), is used phonetical. Special symbols were sometimes used to aid in the reordering of words in approximation of Korean grammar. It was similar to the kanbun (漢文 ) system developed in Japan to rder Chinese texts. The system was not a translation of Chinese into Korean, but an attempt to make Korean speakers knowledgeable in hanja overcome the difficulties in interpreting Chinese texts. Although it was developed by scholars of the early Goryeo Kingdom (918–1392), gugyeol was of particular importance during the Joseon period, extding into the first decade of the twtieth ctury, since all civil servants were required to be able to read,
From 108 BC to 313 AD, the Han dynasty established the Four Commanderies of Han in northern Korea and institutionalized the Chinese language.
It also says that the king of Goguryeo composed a poem in 17 BC. The Gwanggaeto Stele, dated to 414, is the earliest securely dated relic bearing hanmun inscriptions. Hanmun became commonplace in Goguryeo during the 5th and 6th cturies and according to the Book of Zhou, the Chinese classics were available in Goguryeo by the d of the 6th ctury. The Samguk Sagi mtions writt records in Baekje beginning in 375 and Goguryeo annals prior to 600.
Japanese chronicles mtion Baekje people as teachers of hanmun . According to the Book of Liang, the people of Silla did not have writing in the first half of the 6th ctury but this may have be only referring to agreemts and contracts, represted by notches on wood. The Bei Shi, covering the period 386–618, says that the writing, armour, and weapons in Silla were the same as those in China. The Samguk Sagi says that records were kept in Silla starting in 545.
Korean Mixed Script
Another major factor in the adoption of hanmun was the adoption of the gwageo, copied from the Chinese imperial examination, op to all freeborn m. Special schools were set up for the well-to-do and the nobility across Korea to train new scholar officials for civil service. Adopted by Silla and Goryeo, the gwageo system was maintained by Goryeo after the unification of Korea until the d of the nineteth ctury. The scholarly élite began learning the hanja by memorising the Thousand Character Classic (천자문 ; 千字文 ; Cheonjamun), Three Character Classic (삼자경 ; 三字經 ; Samja Gyeong) and Hundred Family Surnames (백가성 ; 百家姓 ; Baekga Seong). Passage of the gwageo required the thorough ability to read, interpret and compose passages of works such as the Analects (논어 ; 論語 ; Non-eo), Great Learning (대학 ; 大學 ; Daehak), Doctrine of the Mean (중용 ; 中庸 ; Jung-yong), Mcius (맹자 ; 孟子 ; Magja), Classic of Poetry (시경 ; 詩經 ; Sigyeong), Book of Documts (서경 ; 書經 ; Seogyeong), Classic of Changes (역경 ; 易經 ; Yeokgyeong), Spring and Autumn Annals (춘추 ; 春秋 ; Chunchu) and Book of Rites (예기 ; 禮記 ; Yegi). Other important works include Sūnzǐ's Art of War (손자병법 ; 孫子兵法 ; Sonja Byeongbeop) and Selections of Refined Literature (문선 ; 文選 ; Munseon).
The Korean scholars were very proficit in literary Chinese. The craftsm and scholars of Baekje were rowned in Japan, and were eagerly sought as teachers due to their proficicy in hanmun . Korean scholars also composed all diplomatic records, governmt records, scitific writings, religious literature and much poetry in hanmun , demonstrating that the Korean scholars were not just reading Chinese works but were actively composing their own. Well-known examples of Chinese-language literature in Korea include Three Kingdoms History (삼국사기 ; 三國史記 ; Samguk Sagi), Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms (삼국유사 ; 三國遺事 ; Samguk Yusa), New Stories of the Gold Turtle (금오신화 ; 金鰲新話 ; Geumo Sinhwa), The Cloud Dream of the Nine (구운몽 ; 九雲夢 ; Gu Unmong), Musical Canon (악학궤범 ; 樂學軌範 ; Akhak Gwebeom), The Story of Hong Gildong (홍길동전 ; 洪吉童傳 ; Hong Gildong Jeon) and Licking One's Lips at the Butcher's Door (도문대작 ; 屠門大嚼 ; Domun Daejak).
The Chinese language, however, was quite differt from the Korean language, consisting of terse, oft monosyllabic words with a strictly analytic, SVO structure in stark contrast to the gerally polysyllabic, very synthetic, SOV structure, with various grammatical dings that coded person, levels of politess and case found in Korean. Despite the adoption of literary Chinese as the writt language, Chinese never replaced Korean as the spok language, ev amongst the scholars that had immersed themselves into its study.
A Chart Of Similarities Between Japanese/korean/chinese/vietnamese
The first attempts to make literary Chinese texts more accessible to Korean readers were hanmun passages writt in Korean word order. This would later develop into the gugyeol (구결 ; 口訣 ) or 'separated phrases, ' system. Chinese texts were brok into meaningful blocks, and in the spaces were inserted hanja used to represt the sound of native Korean grammatical dings. As literary Chinese was very terse, leaving much to be understood from context, insertion of occasional verbs and grammatical markers helped to clarify the meaning. For instance, the hanja '爲 ' was used for its native Korean gloss whereas '尼 ' was used for its Sino-Korean pronunciation, and combined into '爲尼 ' and read hani (하니 ), 'to do (and so).'
In Chinese, however, the same characters are read in Mandarin as the expression wéi ní, meaning 'becoming a nun'. This is a typical example of Gugyeol words where the radical (爲) is read in Korean for its meaning (hă—'to do'), whereas the suffix 尼, ni (meaning 'nun'), is used phonetical. Special symbols were sometimes used to aid in the reordering of words in approximation of Korean grammar. It was similar to the kanbun (漢文 ) system developed in Japan to rder Chinese texts. The system was not a translation of Chinese into Korean, but an attempt to make Korean speakers knowledgeable in hanja overcome the difficulties in interpreting Chinese texts. Although it was developed by scholars of the early Goryeo Kingdom (918–1392), gugyeol was of particular importance during the Joseon period, extding into the first decade of the twtieth ctury, since all civil servants were required to be able to read,
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