Songpyeon (Korean: 송편 ; Hanja: 松䭏 ) is a traditional Korean food made of rice powder. Its shape resembles a half moon and it is a represtative rice cake of Korean holidays and traditional culture. It is a type of tteok, small rice cakes, and variety of fillings are used-- some include red bean paste, toasted sesame seeds, and chestnuts. Songpyeon is traditionally eat during the Korean autumn harvest festival, Chuseok, where it is oft prepared by families at home. It is a popular symbol of traditional Korean culture. The earliest records of songpyeon date from the Goryeo period.
Songpyeons are half-moon shaped rice cakes that typically contain sweet or semi-sweet fillings, such as soybeans, cowpeas, chestnuts, jujubes, dates, red beans, sesame seeds, or honey. They are steamed over a layer of pine needles, which gives them a distinctive taste and the fragrant smell of fresh pine trees. The colors typically include white (흰 송편, hwinsongpyeon), gre (숙 송편, ssuksongpyeon), red (송이 송편, songgisongpyeon), and yellow (치자 송편, chijasongpyeon). Songpyeon is typically joyed during the Korean holiday, Chuseok, where it is shared amongst family, frids, and neighbors. It is also joyed with liquor on this special occasion. Song refers to pine needles.
Songpyeon is quintesstial to Korean families' Chuseok celebrations. Traditionally, songpyeon was made by Korean families using freshly harvested rice and th offered to their ancestors on the morning of Chuseok as thanks for the bountiful harvest during charye (차례, 茶禮), an ancestral memorial ritual.
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Songpyeon is also giv to other family members and close neighbors. Such offerings are viewed as signs of respect and efforts to avoid bad luck within the family.
Songpyeon is used to show gratitude for the year's harvest by placing it on a table with other foods, included newly harvested fruit, and taro. These three foods symbolize, respectively, the fruit of the heavs, the fruit of the earth, and the fruit of the underground.
Songpyeon is also said to represt the moon and wishes, which is why people will say their wishes while making and eating it.
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Many stories describe why songpyeon is in the shape of a half moon rather than a full moon. The most common belief is that Korean ancestors thought that a round-shaped full moon could only wane while a half-moon would fill up. This is considered a sign of abundance and prosperity.
One explanation of Songpyeon's half moon shape stems from a historical anecdote from King Ulja's reign. In the anecdote, a turtle once came to the palace with a carving on his back that read Silla is half moon., which represted a hopeful future for the kingdom.
Another Korean anecdote says that the person who makes beautifully-shaped songpyeon will meet a good spouse or give birth to a beautiful baby.
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Songpyeon is made by kneading rice flour with salt and hot water until it is smooth in order to create a dough. Small pieces of the dough are torn off, rolled into balls and th indted in the cter using a thumb. The filling of choice is placed inside the now hollowed cter and th the ball is sealed closed and shaped. The rice cakes are steamed on top of pine needles for about 20-30 minutes and th rinsed with cold water in order to maintain their chewy texture. The rice cakes are th blotted dry and typically finished by being brushed with sesame oil.
Steaming the rice cakes on top of pine needles gives them a unique taste and sct, and also helps to prevt the rice cakes from sticking together while steaming.
As pine trees also produce large amounts of phytoncide, this effectively kills germs, and helps avoid spoiling due to the presce of terpe.
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According to the Dongui Bogam (동의보감, 東醫寶鑑), the most well-known Joseon medical book, the pine needles are also said to have medicinal effects on the food.
Although the cultural significance of songpyeon remains the same, differces in color, shape, ingredits, and ev thickness can be found across Korea.
As pumpkin is widely grown in this region, Chungcheong Province is known for its pumpkin songpyeon. The pumpkins are dried and ground into a powder which is th mixed with the rice flour to make the dough.
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The rice cakes are oft shaped to look like small pumpkins. The result is a sweet rice cake that is bright in color.
With an abundance of potato crops and oak trees, Gangwon Province is known for its potato songpyeon and acorn songpyeon. These rice cakes are made with potato starch and acorn powder, respectively.
The songpyeon in this region are typically flat with ridges from pressing down using fingers and in Gangneung, people leave their handprints on the rice cakes.
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Songpyeon made in Gyeongsang Province are typically larger than the songpyeon found in other regions. A popular type of songpyeon found here is ramie songpyeon, which consists of boiled ramie leaves which are added to the rice cakes to make them healthier.
A traditional filling for songpyeon made on Jeju Island is sweeted peas. The songpyeon are sometimes shaped with a concave cter to resemble a volcanic crater and are oft pan-fried after being steamed.
Songpyeon made in Jeolla Province sometimes contains arrowroot starch which is combined with rice flour to make the rice cake dough. Jeolla Province is also known for its flower songpyeon which are made with natural dyes and made to resemble flowers either by hand or by using a mold.
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Seoul is known for its small, five-colored or osaek songpyeon (오색송편). The five colors—white, brown, pink, gre, and yellow—represt the harmony of nature. White songpyeon lacks any color additives, but the other colors are obtained using natural ingredits. Brown is created using cinnamon; pink, by using strawberry or omija syrup; gre, by using mugwort; and yellow, by using gardia seeds.
The traditional songpyeon made in Pyeongan Province in North Korea is seashell songpyeon. The name of this songpyeon is attributed to its seashell shape. Its filling consists of sesame seeds, sugar, and soy sauce.Chuseok (추석), or hangawi (한가위), is one of the biggest holidays in South Korea. It’s a time when families gather together to give thanks to their ancestors for an abundant autumn harvest.
Sometimes called Korean Thanksgiving, Chuseok is celebrated with good food, wine, and family gatherings. It typically takes place in September or October, according to the lunar calendar.
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Chuseok (추석) is a three-day holiday that is celebrated every fall. It is a traditional holiday where people go back to their hometowns to show appreciation for the fall food harvest. Chuseok is one of Korea’s biggest and most important holidays and an essential aspect of Korean culture.
Chuseok (추석) is often called “Korean Thanksgiving.” It shares similar traditions to the Thanksgiving holiday in the US. Chuseok (추석), or Korean Thanksgiving, is also very busy for most households as they prepare for huge family gatherings.
It’s the other time of the year in Korea besides Lunar New Year’s Day, aka Seollal (설날), when family members gather together. Usually, this means traveling to the home of the head of the family, often one’s grandparents. Since the destinations are often outside of the big cities, this creates incredible traffic jams all over the country.
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If you plan to travel to Korea during this time, be sure to plan accordingly. Many tickets for buses, planes, and trains are sold out in advance.
Chuseok (추석) is celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th month according to the lunar calendar. Although the exact day changes each year, Korean thanksgiving day is typically celebrated in September and October. Below are the dates that Chuseok are celebrated in the next years.
For 2023, Chuseok falls on September 28. The three-day holiday period for Chuseok includes the day of Chuseok and the days before and after it.
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The day before Chuseok is when Koreans usually travel back to their hometowns in time for Chuseok to be with their family members.
To greet someone during Chuseok, you may say 추석 잘 보내세요 (chuseok jal bonaeseyo). This means “Have a good Chuseok.” This is like saying “Happy Thanksgiving” in English.
You can also say 즐거운 한가위 되세요 (jeulgeoun hangawi doeseyo), which means “Have a Happy Hangawi.” Some people also say 즐겁고 풍성한 한가위 되세요 (jeulgeopgo pungseonghan hangawi doeseyo), which means “Have a Happy and Prosperous Hangawi.”
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According to legend, an ancient king of the kingdom, Silla, started a month-long weaving contest between two teams. The team who had woven the most cloth won, and they were treated by the losing team with food, drinks, and other gifts. Thus starting the tradition of Thanksgiving almost 2000 years ago.
Some scholars also tie Chuseok to Korea’s history, wherein agriculture was a big part of daily life. Koreans commonly offered rituals to ancestors to give thanks and celebrate the harvest moon.
Traditionally, the purpose of Chuseok was for family members to gather together during the full harvest moon. This usually appeared in the sky on the 15
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Chuseok is very much a traditional holiday where many of the customs from the old days still stand. We’ll discuss some of these customs below:
Charye, or ancestor memorial services, take place on the morning of the day of Chuseok. It’s when family members gather
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