The gayageum or kayagum (Korean: 가야금 ; Hanja: 伽倻琴 ) is a traditional Korean musical instrumt. It is a plucked zither with 12 strings, though some more rect variants have 18, 21 or 25 strings. It is probably the best known traditional Korean musical instrumt.
It is based on the Chinese guzhg and is similar to the Japanese koto, Mongolian yatga, Vietnamese đàn tranh, Sundanese kacapi and Kazakh jetig.
According to the Samguksagi (1146), a history of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, the gayageum was developed around the sixth ctury in the Gaya confederacy by King Gasil (also known as Haji of Daegaya) after he observed an old Chinese instrumt Guzhg. He ordered a musician named Wu Ruk to compose music that could be played on the instrumt. The original name was gayago(or gayatgo) and later gayageum. The gayageum was th further improved by Wu Ruk during the reign of Jinheung in the Shilla dynasty. The ancit gayageum of King Gasil was called by several names, including beopgeum (law-zither, 법금), pungnyu (elegance, 풍류), or jeong-ak (right music, 정악) gayageum. It is normally associated with accompanimt for court music, chamber music, and lyric songs. This type of gayageum has a wider spacing betwe the strings and plays slower-tempo music such as Yeongsan hoesang and Mit-doduri.
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The sanjo gayageum is believed to have evolved in the 19th ctury with the emergce of sanjo music, which in Korean literally means scattered melodies, a musical form that involves fast tempos and some improvisation. The sanjo gayageum version of the instrumt has closer string spacing and a shorter lgth to let musicians play the faster passages required for sanjo.
To play modern music, gayageum with a greater number of strings have be developed, increasing the instrumt's range. Gayageum are available with 13, 17, 18, 21, 22, or 25 strings,
The gayageum is traditionally played wh sitting on the floor with crossed legs, the head of the instrumt resting on the right knee and the tail resting on the floor. Wh played whilst seated on a chair or stool, the tail d is usually placed on a special fold-out stand, similar to a camp-stool, or another chair/stool. For modern gayageum, they may be placed on a special stand with the player seated on a chair behind the instrumt. The people of North Korea usually play whilst seated on a chair, but they do not use a stand of the tail d. Instead, the gayageum has detachable legs that are fixed into the d to raise the tail high ough.
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The gayageum is played with both right and left hands. The right hand plucks and flicks the strings close to the bridge of the gayageum, whilst the left hand pushes the strings on the left side of the bridges to raise the pitch and adds vibrato and other ornamtation.
The gayageum can be tuned to a variety of pitches depding on use, though no standard exists as to what exact pitches they should be tuned. They include:
Wh noted in staff notation, however, the pitch series is usually transposed as the following, regardless of the actual pitches tuned on the strings:
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The beobgeum gayageum is 160 cm long by 30 cm wide by 10 cm deep. Its body is made of a single piece of paulownia wood. The resonator chamber is hollowed out of the piece of paulownia.
The sanjo gayageum is about 142 cm long by 23 cm wide by 10 cm deep. The soundboard is made of paulownia, but the sides and back are of a harder wood such as chestnut or walnut.
On the soundboard, anjok (movable bridges) support the strings. These bridges move to adjust the tuning and intonation. The strings ter the top of the body from tolgwae (string pegs) beath. At the other d, the strings wind around loops at the d of thick cords, which pass over the nut th looped through holes at the bottom of the instrumt and secured, and th the cords are all tied in a decorative coil.
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The left hand presses the strings to raise the pitch, and finger movemts perform various movemts such as shaking, bding, and vibrating the strings. The right hand plucks or strums the strings. The gayageum's tone is soft, delicate, and subtle. Legd says the instrumt was first made by King Gasil in the Kaya Kingdom around the sixth ctury, and was further developed by a musician named Ureuk (우륵 ; 于勒 ) in the time of King of Jinhung in the Silla dynasty.
According to some evidce, however, it dates to a much earlier time than the Silla dynasty. Rect archaeological excavations in the Kwangsan areas in Jeolla-namdo Province revealed fragmts of a gayageum from around the first ctury BCE.
The six or more schools of the gayageum sanjo include Seong Geum Yeon, Kim Juk Pa, Kim Yoon Deok, Kang Tae Hong, Kim Byeong Ho, and Choi Ok Sam schools.
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Contemporary music composers have be creating modern music for the gayageum. Hwang Byung Ki composed Forest as a first modern gayageum piece, Sungcheon Lee created 21-string gayageum and new pieces. Beomhoon Park composed the gayageum concerto New Sanjo (새산조) for 25-string gayageum, and following geration's composers and western musicians have be composing modern music for it.
This article includes a list of geral referces, but it lacks sufficit corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2009 ) (Learn how and wh to remove this template message)ZITHER, SCHWARZE ZITHER, KOREANISCHE ZITHER GEOMUNGO, KOMUNGO für Anfänger - ursprünglichen Titel anzeigen Ursprünglicher Text ZITHER, BLACK ZITHER, KOREAN ZITHER GEOMUNGO, KOMUNGO for Beginner
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